Ammonia-adding system for ammonia-based desulfurization device

ABSTRACT

Ammonia-adding apparatus and methods for ammonia-based desulfurization use multi-stage control, calculate a theoretical amount of ammonia based on gas amounts provided by an inlet continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) and an outlet CEMS of the ammonia-based desulfurization device or associated gas amounts, a SO 2  concentration provided by the inlet CEMS, and a predetermined SO 2  concentration of the outlet CEMS. The apparatus and methods calculate a corrected theoretical amount of ammonia using half of the ratio of the actual amount of added ammonia to the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide as a correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia; add an ammonia absorbent equivalent to the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia to the ammonia-based desulfurization device through an ammonia metering means and an ammonia control valve, and automatically control the actual ammonia flow rate based on the actual SO 2  concentration and a change trend provided by the outlet CEMS.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of Chinese Patent Application No. 201710446925.2, filed on Jun. 14, 2017, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention belongs to the field of environmental protection technologies, and in particular to an ammonia-adding system for an ammonia-based desulfurization device.

BACKGROUND

At present, limestone desulfurization process and ammonia-based desulfurization process are mainstream processes in the whole world for removing sulfur dioxide from gases. In the limestone desulfurization process, large quantities of waste water and gypsum residues are produced during desulfurization, and a lot of investment and operating costs are required to treat these waste water and waste residues. Also, in the limestone desulfurization process, while 1 ton of sulfur dioxide is removed, about 0.7 ton of carbon dioxide is produced synchronously. With ammonia-based desulfurization process, basically no waste water or waste residue is produced, and added ammonia desulfurizer is converted into a useful ammonium sulfate fertilizer, thus it is more environmentally friendly. However, the existing ammonia-based desulfurization process often has the problems, such as ammonia escape, aerosol formation, etc.

Chinese patents CN 1283346C and CN 1321723C disclose a process for removing SO₂ from coal-fired flue gas by using ammonia as a removal agent, in which the SO₂ concentration in the clean gas is less than 100 mg/Nm³. However, the amount of ammonia escaping in the clean gas can be up to 12 mg/Nm³.

Chinese Patent CN 100428979C discloses an ammonia-based desulfurization process with crystallization inside a tower and an apparatus thereof, wherein the desulfurization tower is designed to be of a multi-section structure, successively including an oxidation section, a crystallization section, a cooling absorption section, a main absorption section, and a dehydration-demisting section from bottom to top. In the process, the evaporating ability of flue gas is utilized for crystallization to reduce operation energy consumption, the SO₂ concentration in the clean gas is less than 200 mg/Nm³, and the ammonia content in the clean gas can be as low as 3 mg/Nm³.

Chinese patent application No. CN 201710154157.3 discloses a method and a device for ammonia-based removal of sulfur oxides and dust from gas, wherein the device consists of a gas purification and removal system, an oxidation system, an ammonium sulfate post-processing system, an ammonia supply system and an auxiliary system, and uses a process of multipoint ammonia addition and multi-stage control, thereby significantly inhibiting ammonia escape and aerosol formation, and achieving efficient desulfurization and dedusting effects.

Chinese patent application No. CN 201610322999.0 discloses a pH-based automatically adjusting ammonia addition system, mainly including a control cabinet, an aqueous ammonia tank, a first aqueous ammonia pump, a second aqueous ammonia pump, a pressure transmitter, an electromagnetic flowmeter, an electric control valve and a pH transducer, wherein the control cabinet is respectively connected to the pressure transmitter, the electromagnetic flowmeter, the electric control valve, and the pH transducer; the control cabinet is connected to the first aqueous ammonia pump and the second aqueous ammonia pump; the inlet end of the first aqueous ammonia pump is connected to the aqueous ammonia tank and the outlet end of the first aqueous ammonia pump is respectively connected to an inlet of an ammonia addition chamber and an inlet of a circulating pump; the first aqueous ammonia pump is respectively connected to the pressure transmitter, the electromagnetic flowmeter, the electric control valve and the pH transducer; the inlet end of the second aqueous ammonia pump is connected to the aqueous ammonia tank and the outlet end of the second aqueous ammonia pump is respectively connected to the inlet of the ammonia addition chamber and the inlet of the circulating pump; the second aqueous ammonia pump is respectively connected to the pressure transmitter, the electromagnetic flowmeter, the electric control valve and the pH transducer; and the electric control valve is respectively connected to the inlet of the ammonia addition chamber and the inlet of the circulating pump.

An automatic ammonia-adding system with stable and reliable system operation, a high automation degree and a simple process and being applicable to an ammonia-based desulfurization device is still required to achieve automatic multipoint ammonia addition and multi-stage control in the ammonia-based desulfurization device, and inhibit ammonia escape and aerosol formation.

It would therefore be desirable to provide improved apparatus and methods for adding ammonia to a flue gas desulfurization system to overcome shortcomings in the prior art.

SUMMARY

An object of the disclosure is to provide an ammonia-adding system with stable and reliable system operation, a high automation degree and a simple process and being applicable to an ammonia-based desulfurization device. The automatic ammonia-adding system may be used with a method and a device for ammonia-based removal of sulfur oxides and dust from gas disclosed in Chinese patent application No. CN 201710154157.3.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment in accordance with the principles of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a control scheme of automatic ammonia addition in accordance with the principles of the invention.

The drawings are exemplifications of the principles of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

“Ammonia recovery” means that fraction or percentage of ammonia added to a gas cleaning process that is subsequently captured and extracted from the process.

“Dust” means a particulate material fine enough to waft along gaseous flows, when handled, processed, or contacted. It includes but is not limited to aerosols, including solid aerosol particles and liquid aerosol particles, soot, charcoal, non-combusted coal, fine minerals, sand, gravel, salts, and any combination thereof.

“NO_(x)” means a chemical species containing nitrogen and oxygen.

In the event that the above definitions or a description stated elsewhere in this application is inconsistent with a meaning (explicit or implicit) that is commonly used, set forth in a dictionary, or stated in a source incorporated by reference into this application, the application and the claim terms in particular are understood to be construed according to the definition or description in this application, and not according to the common definition, dictionary definition, or the definition that was incorporated by reference. In the event that a claim term can only be understood if it is construed by a dictionary, a definition set forth in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th Edition, 2005, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) shall control, if provided therein.

Apparatus and methods for adding ammonia to an absorption solution in a flue gas desulfurization system are provided.

The apparatus and methods may involve an automatic ammonia-adding system for an ammonia-based desulfurization device. The apparatus may automatically calculate a theoretical amount of ammonia based on gas amounts provided by an inlet Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) and an outlet CEMS of the ammonia-based desulfurization device (or associated gas amounts), a SO₂ concentration provided by the inlet CEMS, and a predetermined SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS. The apparatus may calculate a corrected theoretical amount of ammonia using half of the ratio of the actual amount of added ammonia to the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide as a correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia. The apparatus may add an ammonia absorbent equivalent to the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia (for example, within one or more of the ranges ±10%, ±5%, ±3%, ±2% the corrected theoretical amount) to the ammonia-based desulfurization device through an ammonia metering means and an ammonia control valve, and then may control the actual ammonia flow rate based on the actual SO₂ concentration and and a change trend provided by the outlet CEMS as a feedback.

The gas amounts of the inlet and outlet CEMS (or associated gas amounts, such as boiler activity characteristics from a boiler with which the desulfurization device is operated), the SO₂ concentrations of the inlet and outlet CEMS, and the data of the ammonia metering may be uploaded to a distributed control system to calculate the actual amount of added ammonia and the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide, and then calculate the theoretical amount of ammonia, the correction coefficient for the amount of ammonia, and the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia.

The theoretical amount of ammonia, the correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia, and the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia may be calculated as follows: theoretical amount of ammonia=(gas amount of the inlet CEMS or associated gas amount (Nm³/h)*inlet SO₂ concentration(mg/Nm³)−gas amount of the outlet CEMS or associated gas amount (Nm³/h)*predetermined SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS (mg/Nm³))/1000/1000/64*34 kg/h correction coefficient for theoretical amount of ammonia=actual molar number of added ammonia/actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide/2 corrected theoretical amount of ammonia=theoretical amount of ammonia*correction coefficient for theoretical amount of ammonia

The apparatus may use an outlet SO₂ concentration as a term in the correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia. Different correction coefficients can be set according to different ranges of the SO₂ concentration, such as 20-30, 50-80, 120-170 mg/Nm³ and so on.

The apparatus may use a slope of a temporal curves of the outlet SO₂ concentration value to determine the outlet SO₂ concentration change trend. Different further correction coefficients can be used for different observed slopes (for example, when the slope takes on values such as less than 0, 0-1, 1-2, etc.).

The methods may include adding ammonia to the absorption solution at a base rate that is proportional to: a) a target sulfur dioxide removal rate; and b) a correction coefficient that includes a ratio of cumulative ammonia added to cumulative sulfur dioxide removed. The methods may include; after the adding, controlling ammonia addition to a second rate based on a measured output sulfur dioxide characteristic.

The methods may include dispensing ammonia through a valve at 90-99% the base rate.

The valve may be a main ammonia dispensing valve. The methods may include dispensing ammonia through an auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve at a rate that is the base rate minus the rate at which ammonia is dispensed through the main ammonia dispensing valve.

The main valve may have a throughput setting. The methods may include quantifying a rate of change of sulfur dioxide at an inlet of the system; and determining that the rate of change is not greater than a threshold. The controlling may include, simultaneously: maintaining the main valve at the throughput setting; and adjusting the auxiliary valve.

The threshold rate of change may be 2%.

The method may include quantifying a rate of change of sulfur dioxide at an inlet of the system; and determining that the rate of change is greater than a threshold. The controlling may include: resetting the main valve from the throughput setting to a new throughput setting; and, simultaneously: maintaining the main valve at the new throughput setting; and adjusting the auxiliary valve.

In the adding, the target sulfur dioxide removal rate may be defined as a difference between: (a) the product of: (i) a gas flow rate corresponding to an inlet of the system and (ii) an inlet SO₂ concentration; and (b) the product of: (i) a gas flow rate corresponding to an outlet of the system and (ii) a predetermined SO₂ outlet concentration.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a steam generation rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet as the steam generation rate. The evaluating may include using the steam generation rate, or a term proportional to the steam generation rate, as a proxy, in a targeted sulfur dioxide removal rate calculation, for the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet.

The method may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a steam generation rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet as the boiler load. The evaluating may include using the steam generation rate, or a term proportional to the steam generation rate, as a proxy, in a targeted sulfur dioxide removal rate calculation, for the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a boiler air flow rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and

evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet as the boiler air flow rate. The evaluating may include using the boiler air flow rate, or a term proportional to the boiler air flow rate, as a proxy, in a targeted sulfur dioxide removal rate calculation, for the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a boiler air flow rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and

evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet as the boiler airflow rate. The evaluating may include using the boiler air flow rate, or a term proportional to the boiler air flow rate, as a proxy, in a targeted sulfur dioxide removal rate calculation, for the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”), from a continuous emission monitoring system, a flue gas inlet flow rate corresponding to an inlet of the system; and evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet as the flue gas inlet flow rate.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”), from a continuous emission monitoring system, a flue gas outlet flow rate corresponding to the outlet of the system; and evaluating the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet as the flue gas outlet flow rate.

The methods may include measuring the flue gas inlet flow rate. The methods may include measuring the flue gas outlet flow rate.

In the adding, the correction coefficient may be defined as: one half of: a ratio of actual molar number of added ammonia to actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide. The actual molar numbers may be tallied over a time period. The time period may be a period of days, a period of weeks, a period of months, a period of years, or any other suitable period.

The adding may include regulating the base rate to be: (a) no less than 90% of a product of: (i) ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and (ii) the correction coefficient; and (b) no more than 110% of the product.

The adding may include regulating the base rate to be: (a) no less than 95% of a product of: (i) ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and (ii) the correction coefficient; and (b) no more than 105% of the product.

The adding may include regulating the base rate to be: (a) no less than 98% of a product of: (i) ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and (ii) the correction coefficient; and (b) no more than 102% of the product.

The target sulfur dioxide removal rate depends on a preset outlet sulfur dioxide concentration. The ammonia stoichiometrically required may be:

$\frac{\begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{flow}\mspace{14mu}{rate}} \\ {{corresponding}\mspace{14mu}{to}} \\ {{an}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {{SO}\; 2\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}},{{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}}} \end{pmatrix}} -} \\ {\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{flow}\mspace{14mu}{rate}} \\ {{corresponding}\mspace{14mu}{to}} \\ {{an}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {{preset}\mspace{14mu}{SO}\; 2\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}},{{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}}} \end{pmatrix}} \end{matrix}}{\left( {1\text{,}000\mspace{14mu}{mg}\text{/}g} \right)\left( {1000\mspace{14mu} g\text{/}{kg}} \right)\left( {64\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{SO}_{2}\text{/}34\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{NH}_{3}} \right)}.$

The methods may include receiving, at a distributed control system (“DCS”), from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument, the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet of the system.

The methods may include receiving, at a distributed control system (“DCS”), from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument, the SO₂ concentration at the inlet of the system.

The methods may include receiving, at a distributed control system (“DCS”), from an outlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument, the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet of the system.

The controlling may include: receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a sulfur dioxide concentration at an outlet of the desulfurization system; and changing the correction coefficient in response to the sulfur dioxide concentration.

The valve may be a main ammonia dispensing valve, and the methods may include dispensing ammonia through an auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve at a rate that is the base rate minus the rate at which ammonia is dispensed through the main ammonia dispensing valve. The methods may include changing the rate of dispensing through the auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve in response to a predefined relationship between: (a) a rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission rate at an outlet of the system; and (b) a fine adjustment value. The fine adjustment value may correspond to a throughput setting of the auxiliary valve. The fine adjustment value may correspond to a change in a throughput setting of the auxiliary valve.

The controlling may include changing the correction coefficient in response to a sulfur dioxide concentration at an outlet of the desulfurization system.

The method may include measuring only one of: (a) the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet of the system; and (b) the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet of the system; and evaluating the other one as the measured one. The evaluating may include using the measured rate as a proxy, in a targeted sulfur dioxide removal rate calculation, for the rate not measured.

The methods may include receiving at a distributed control system (“DCS”) a flue gas characteristic; and correcting the other rate based on the flow characteristic. The other rate may be the rate not measured. The flow characteristic may be a flue gas temperature. The flow characteristic may be a flue gas pressure. The flow characteristic may be a flue gas water content.

The absorption liquid may include at least one ammonia or amine based compound, including but not limited to ammonium salts, ammonium ions (NH4⁺), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, and any combination thereof. The liquid may be water.

The apparatus and methods may include an oxidation section, an absorption section and a fine particulate control section in the absorption tower.

The apparatus may include an ammonia-adding system for an ammonia-based desulfurization device. The apparatus may use multi-stage control. The apparatus may include a processor. The processor may calculate a theoretical amount of required ammonia based on flue gas amounts provided by an inlet continuous emission monitoring system (“CEMS”) and an outlet CEMS of the ammonia-based desulfurization device or associated gas amounts, an SO₂ concentration provided by the inlet CEMS, and a predetermined SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS. The processor may calculate a corrected theoretical amount of ammonia using half of the ratio of the actual amount of added ammonia to the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide as a correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia. The apparatus may provide addition of an ammonia absorbent equivalent to the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia ±10% to the ammonia-based desulfurization device through an ammonia metering means and an ammonia control valve. The apparatus may automatically control the actual ammonia flow rate based on the actual SO₂ concentration and a change trend. One or both of the actual SO₂ concentration and the change trend may be provided by the outlet CEMS as a feedback.

The apparatus may include an absorption tower, an ammonia supply system, an ammonia control valve, an ammonia metering means, a circulating pump, an inlet CEMS, an outlet CEMS and an oxidation section.

The gas amounts of the inlet and outlet CEMS or associated gas amounts, the SO₂ concentrations of the inlet and outlet CEMS, and the data of the ammonia metering may be uploaded to the DCS to calculate the actual amount of added ammonia and the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide, and then calculate the theoretical amount of ammonia, the correction coefficient for the amount of ammonia, and the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia.

The theoretical amount of ammonia, the correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia, and the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia may be calculated as follows: theoretical amount of ammonia=(gas amount of the inlet CEMS or associated gas amount (Nm³/h)*inlet SO₂ concentration (mg/Nm³)−gas amount of the outlet CEMS or associated gas amount (Nm³/h)*predetermined SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS (mg/Nm³))/1000/1000/64*34 kg/h  Theoretical Amount of Ammonia: correction coefficient for theoretical amount of ammonia=ratio of actual molar number of added ammonia to actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide/2  Correction Coefficient for Theoretical Amount of Ammonia: corrected theoretical amount of ammonia=theoretical amount of ammonia*correction coefficient for theoretical amount of ammonia.  Corrected Theoretical Amount Of Ammonia:

An outlet SO₂ concentration gradient (change in concentration per unit of time) may be a term in the correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia.

A slope of curve of the outlet SO₂ concentration value may be evaluated to assess an outlet SO₂ concentration change trend.

The ammonia absorbent supplied by the apparatus may be one or more of liquid ammonia, aqueous ammonia and gas ammonia.

The apparatus may include one or more ammonia control valves. The apparatus may include two ammonia control valves. The apparatus may include a plurality of ammonia control valves having different control abilities.

A control valve with a large control ability may be used to control the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia. A control valve with a small, or fine, control ability may be used for automatic feedback adjustment and control.

The apparatus may include a flow meter or a metering pump for metering or adding ammonia.

The inlet CEMS may output one or more of water content, temperature and pressure of the flue gas.

The outlet CEMS may output one or more of water content, temperature and pressure of the flue gas.

A boiler may be associated with the desulfurization device. The boiler may receive heat from hot gas that is then exhausted as flue gas for treatment by the desulfurization device. The apparatus may substitute for one or both of the inlet and outlet CEM gas amounts a boiler steam generation rate (tons per unit of time, for example) (a “boiler load”) and a boiler air amount.

The apparatus may substitute the inlet CMS gas amount for the outlet CMS gas amount. The apparatus may substitute the outlet CMS gas amount for the inlet CMS gas amount.

One or more of the water content, temperature and pressure data of the inlet and outlet CEMS may be used for gas-amount correction.

Some embodiments are discussed with reference to FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include ammonia supply system 2, ammonia control valve 3, ammonia metering means 4, inlet CEMS 7 and outlet CEMS 8. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include absorption tower 1, ammonia supply system 2, ammonia control valve 3, ammonia flow meter 4, circulating pump 6, inlet CEMS 7, outlet CEMS 8 and oxidation section 9.

The apparatus may provide an ammonia absorbent, which may be one or more of liquid ammonia, aqueous ammonia and gaseous ammonia.

The apparatus may include one or more ammonia control valves. The apparatus may include two or more ammonia control valves. The valves may have different control abilities. For example, one or more of the valves may have large (coarse) control ability, and one or more of the valves may have fine control ability. A control valve with a large control ability may be used to control 90-99% amount of ammonia. A control valve with a small control ability may be used for automatic feedback adjustment and control.

In some embodiments, the ammonia metering means may include one or both of a flow meter, e.g. a volumetric flow meter or a mass flow meter, and a metering pump.

In some embodiments, the measured items for the inlet CEMS may include one or more of a gas amount (flow rate), a gas SO₂ concentration, a gas water content, a gas dust content, a gas temperature, and a gas pressure.

In some embodiments, the measured items for the outlet CEMS may include one or more of a gas amount, a gas SO₂ concentration, a gas water content, a gas dust content, a gas temperature, a gas pressure, a gas nitrogen oxide content, and a gas free ammonia content.

In some embodiments, associated gas amounts, e.g. gas amounts calculated from a boiler load, a boil air volume or other parameters may be used to substitute for one or both of a CEMS gas inlet amount and a CEMS gas outlet amount. In some embodiments, one of a CEMS gas inlet amount and a CEMS gas outlet amount can be substituted for the other. In some embodiments, one or more of a gas water content, a gas temperature and a gas pressures of the inlet or outlet CEMS can be used for gas amount correction calculation.

In some embodiments, an ammonia-based desulfurization device using apparatus and methods may include one or more of the following illustrative process steps:

A raw flue gas enters from the middle-lower part of an absorption tower.

An ammonia supply system provides supplemental ammonia absorbent via an ammonia control valve to predetermined ammonia-adding points, such as an oxidation section of an absorption tower, a circulating pump, etc., thereby achieving automatic ammonia addition to the desulfurization system.

The circulating washing liquid (ammonia absorbent) may be concentrated (crystallized) in a cooling-and-washing process, and then processed to an ammonium sulfate product through an ammonium sulfate post-processing system.

The raw flue gas is emitted from a flue gas outlet on the top of the tower after cooling-and-washing, washing for desulfurization, and removing fine particulate matters by a washing liquid circulated by a circulating pump.

A specific illustrative embodiment of the apparatus and methods is now described with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, wherein the automatic ammonia-adding system includes an absorption tower 1, ammonia supply system 2, ammonia control valve 3, ammonia metering means 4, circulating pump 6, inlet CEMS 7, outlet CEMS 8 and oxidation section 9.

A Distributed Control System (DCS) automatically calculates a theoretical amount of ammonia using a microprocessor based on gas amounts provided by inlet CEMS 7 and outlet CEMS 8 (or associated gas amounts), an SO₂ concentration provided by the inlet CEMS 7 and a predetermined SO₂ concentration of outlet CEMS 8; calculates a corrected theoretical amount of ammonia using half of the ratio of the actual amount of added ammonia to the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide as a correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia; adds an ammonia absorbent equivalent to the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia (for example, within one or more of the ranges ±10%, ±5%, ±3%, ±2% the corrected theoretical amount), to the ammonia-based desulfurization device through ammonia metering means 4 and ammonia control valve 3; and then automatically controls the actual ammonia flow rate based on the actual SO₂ concentration and change trend provided by the outlet CEMS 8 as a feedback, thereby achieving automatic ammonia addition.

Different correction coefficients can be set according to different ranges of the SO₂ concentration (such as 20-30, 50-80, 120-170 mg/Nm³, and so on).

A slope of a curve of the outlet SO₂ value may be used as a basis for calculation, and different correction coefficients can be set at different slopes (the outlet SO₂ concentration change trend, e.g. less than 0, 0-1, 1-2, etc.).

The ammonia absorbent supplied by the ammonia supply system 2 may be 20% aqueous ammonia.

Dual control valves may be used to control automatic ammonia addition. The inlets of ammonia control valves 3 may be connected to ammonia supply system 2. Outlets of ammonia control valves 3 may be connected to ammonia addition points, such as oxidization section 9 and the circulation pump 6. The amount of ammonia added through the main ammonia control valve may be, for example, 98% of the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia.

The measured items for inlet CEMS 7 may include one or more of a gas amount, a gas SO₂ concentration, a gas water content, a gas dust content, a gas temperature and gas pressure.

The measured items for outlet CEMS 8 may include one or more of a gas amount, a gas SO₂ concentration, a gas water content, a gas dust content, a gas temperature, a gas pressure, a gas nitrogen oxide content, and a gas free ammonia content.

Ammonia supply system 2 may include one or more of an aqueous ammonia tank, an aqueous ammonia unloading pump, an aqueous ammonia supply pump, an accident spray device and a breathing gas washing tank. An aqueous ammonia having a concentration of 20 wt.-% may be supplied as an ammonia absorbent. The ammonia metering means may include a mass flow meter.

An illustrative ammonia-based desulfurization process using the apparatus and methods may include one or more of the following steps:

-   -   Raw flue gas 5 enters from the middle-lower part of the         absorption tower 1.     -   Ammonia supply system 2 provides supplemental aqueous ammonia         absorbent, via main ammonia control valve 31 and an auxiliary         ammonia control valve 32, to ammonia addition points, such as         oxidization section 9 and circulation pump 6.

A circulating washing liquid may be oxidized, then concentrated to a solid content of 10-20 wt.-% in a cooling-and-washing process, and then processed to an ammonium sulfate product through an ammonium sulfate post-processing system.

Gas 5 then may be emitted from a flue gas outlet on the top of the tower successively after cooling-and-washing, washing for desulfurization, and removing fine particulate matters by a washing liquid circulated by circulation pump 6.

In the ammonia-based desulfurization process, illustrative ammonia addition control steps are as follows:

1) uploading the gas amounts of inlet CEMS 7 and outlet CEMS 8 (or associated gas amounts), the SO₂ concentrations of inlet CEMS 7 and outlet CEMS 8, and ammonia metering data to the distributed control system (DCS), wherein the water content, temperature and pressure data of the inlet CEMS and the outlet CEMS can be used for the gas amount correction calculation; 2) predetermining the outlet SO₂ concentration by the DCS; 3) calculating the theoretical amount of ammonia; 4) calculating the correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia; 5) calculating the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia 6) controlling the ammonia flow rate to be 98% of the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia through mass flow meter 4 and main ammonia control valve 31; 7) acquiring the actual SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS by the DCS; 8) controlling auxiliary ammonia control valve 32 based on the actual SO₂ concentration and change trend of the outlet CEMS as a feedback to allow the outlet SO₂ concentration to tend towards the predetermined SO₂ concentration; and 9) acquiring the actual ammonia flow rate, and integrating the actual ammonia flow rate over time; and acquiring the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide, and integrating the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide over time, by the DCS to conduct the next round of control.

The apparatus and methods may improve the automation degree of an ammonia-based desulfurization device through automatic ammonia addition, may have SO₂ concentration and total dust in the outlet clean flue gas that do not exceed standards because of inlet gas amount and SO₂ concentration fluctuations, and may reduce investment by making use of measured quantities at the inlet and outlet CEMS, automatic statistics and the computing function of the distributed control system.

Under the conditions that the SO₂ concentration is not more than 30000 mg/Nm³ and the total dust concentration is not more than 50 mg/Nm³ in the raw flue gas, the ammonia-based desulfurization device may achieve a SO₂ concentration in the clean flue gas of no more than 35 mg/Nm³, a total dust (including aerosol) concentration of no more than 5 mg/Nm³, an ammonia escape of no more than 3 mg/Nm³, and an ammonia recovery of no less than 99%.

The following embodiment is provided for the purpose of illustration, not limitation.

Embodiment 1

A raw flue gas was treated using the apparatus and methods, as shown in FIG. 1, wherein 1 is an absorption tower, 2 is an ammonia supply system, 3 is an ammonia control valve, 4 is a mass flow meter as an ammonia metering means, 5 is the raw flue gas, 6 is a circulating pump, 7 is an inlet CEMS, 8 is an outlet CEMS, and 9 is an oxidation section. The gas amount of the raw flue gas is 360,000-510,000 Nm³/h, the SO₂ concentration is 1,000-30,000 mg/Nm³, and the total dust concentration is 15-30 mg/Nm³.

An ammonia absorbent supplied by ammonia supply system 2 is liquid ammonia.

Dual control valves, i.e, a main ammonia control valve 31 and an auxiliary ammonia control valve 32, are used to control automatic ammonia addition, wherein the inlets of the ammonia control valves 3 are connected to the ammonia supply system 2, the outlets of the ammonia control valves 3 are connected to the ammonia addition points, such as the oxidization section 9 and the circulation pump 6, and the amount of ammonia added through the main ammonia control valve 31 is 99% of the corrected theoretical amount of ammonia.

The measured items for the inlet CEMS 7 include gas amount, SO₂ concentration, NO_(x) content, water content, dust content, temperature and pressure.

The measured items for the outlet CEMS 8 include gas amount, SO₂ concentration, water content, dust content, temperature, pressure, nitrogen oxides content and free ammonia content.

The ammonia supply system 2 includes a liquid ammonia spherical tank, an ammonia unloading compressor, an ammonia supply pump and an accident spray device, and the ammonia metering means 4 is a mass flow meter.

Raw flue gas 5 enters from the middle-lower part of absorption tower 1, and is then emitted from the flue gas outlet on the top of the tower successively after cooling-and-washing, washing for desulfurization, and removing fine particulate matters by a washing liquid circulated by circulating pump 6.

Ammonia supply system 2 provides supplemental liquid ammonia absorbent through main ammonia control valve 31 and auxiliary ammonia control valve 32 to the ammonia addition points, such as oxidization section 9 and circulation pump 6.

The circulating washing liquid is oxidized, then concentrated to a solid content of 15 wt.-% in the cooling-and-washing process, and then processed to an ammonium sulfate product through an ammonium sulfate post-processing system.

Illustrative control steps were as follows:

1) acquiring relevant data by a DCS: an inlet gas amount of 395000 Nm³/h, an inlet SO₂ concentration of 2112 mg/Nm³, an outlet gas amount of 405000 Nm³/h, an outlet SO₂ concentration of 24 mg/Nm³, an actual cumulative amount of added liquid ammonia of 1940 t, and an actual cumulative amount of removed sulfur dioxide of 3653 t;

2) predetermining the outlet SO₂ concentration of 23.9 mg/Nm³ by the DCS;

3) calculating a theoretical amount of ammonia=(395000*2112−405000*23.9)/1000/1000/64*34=438 kg/h;

4) calculating a correction coefficient for the theoretical amount of ammonia=1940/34/3653*64=0.9997;

5) calculating a corrected theoretical amount of ammonia=438*0.9997=437.85 kg/h

6) controlling the ammonia flow rate to 433.47 kg/h through mass flow meter 4 and main ammonia control valve 31;

7) acquiring the actual SO₂ concentration of the outlet CEMS 23.9 mg/Nm³;

8) controlling auxiliary ammonia control valve 32 based on the actual SO₂ concentration and change trend of the outlet CEMS 8 as a feedback to control the outlet SO₂ concentration to 23.5 mg/Nm³; and

9) acquiring actual total ammonia flow rate of 438 kg/h and integrating and acquiring the actual amount of removed sulfur dioxide and integrating, to conduct the next round of control.

When a change rate of a product of the inlet gas amount and the inlet SO₂ concentration was less than or equal to 2%, the openness degree of main ammonia control valve 31 was left unchanged, and the actual SO₂ value of outlet CEMS 8 was controlled to 20-25 mg/Nm³ through the auxiliary ammonia control valve 32. When the change rate of the product of the inlet gas amount and the inlet SO₂ concentration was more than 2%, the openness degree of main ammonia control valve 31 was calculated and adjusted according to the above steps, and the actual SO₂ value of outlet CEMS was controlled to 20-25 mg/Nm³ by controling auxiliary ammonia control valve 32.

The resulting clean flue gas had the following characteristics:

SO₂: 23.6 mg/Nm³;

total dust (including aerosol): 1.9 mg/Nm³;

ammonia escape: 0.55 mg/Nm³; and

ammonia recovery: 99.4%.

The present disclosure illustrates principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated. All patents, patent applications, scientific papers, and any other referenced materials mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The principles of the invention encompass any possible combination of some or all of the various embodiments mentioned herein, described herein and/or incorporated herein. The principles of the invention encompass any possible combination that also specifically excludes any one or some of the various embodiments mentioned herein, described herein and/or incorporated herein.

All ranges and parameters disclosed herein are understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein, and every number between the endpoints. For example, a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more (e.g. 1 to 6.1), and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less (e.g. 2.3 to 9.4, 3 to 8, 4 to 7), and to each number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 contained within the range. All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight unless otherwise specified.

Thus, apparatus and methods for adding ammonia to a desulfurization system have been provided. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration rather than of limitation. The present invention is limited only by the claims that follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for adding ammonia to an absorption solution in a flue-gas desulfurization system, the apparatus comprising: an emission monitoring system configured to provide a measure of an output sulfur dioxide characteristic; and valves configured to: add ammonia to the absorption solution at a base rate that is proportional to: a) a target sulfur dioxide removal rate defined as a difference between: 1) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an inlet of the desulfurization system and an inlet SO₂ concentration; and 2) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an outlet of the desulfurization system and a predetermined SO₂ outlet concentration; and b) a correction coefficient that includes a ratio of cumulative ammonia added to cumulative sulfur dioxide removed; and, then, control ammonia addition to the absorption solution to a second rate based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic; and a distributed control system configured to: receive a steam generation rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and calculate an amount of required ammonia based, at least partly, on the steam generation rate, wherein the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet is evaluated as the steam generation rate.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the valves include a main ammonia dispensing valve and an auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve, the auxiliary valve configured to dispense ammonia at a rate that is the base rate minus a rate at which ammonia is dispensed through the main valve.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the auxiliary valve is thrther configured to change its rate of dispensing ammonia based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein: the measure of the sulfur dioxide characteristic is a rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission rate at the outlet of the desulfurization system; and the auxiliary valve is further configured to change its rate based on a predefined relationship between: the rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission at the outlet; and a fine adjustment value.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein: the valves being configured to add ammonia includes: the main valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with coarse control; and the valves being configured to control ammonia addition includes: the auxiliary valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with fine control.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the correction coefficient is defined as: one half of: a ratio of actual molar number of added ammonia to actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the valves are flintier configured to regulate the base rate to be: no less than 90% of a product of: ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and the correction coefficient; and no more than 110% of the product.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein: the target sulfur dioxide removal rate depends on a predetermined outlet sulfur dioxide concentration; and the ammonia stoichiometrically required is: $\frac{\begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}},} \\ {{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}} \end{pmatrix}} -} \\ {\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {predetermined} \\ {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}},{{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}}} \end{pmatrix}} \end{matrix}}{\left( {1\text{,}000\mspace{14mu}{mg}\text{/}g} \right)\left( {1000\mspace{14mu} g\text{/}{kg}} \right)\left( {64\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{SO}_{2}\text{/}34\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{NH}_{3}} \right)}.$
 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein: the gas amount corresponding to the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument; and the SO₂ concentration at the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the gas amount corresponding to the outlet of the desulfurization system is received from an outlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument.
 11. Apparatus for adding ammonia to an absorption solution in a flue-gas desulfurization system, the apparatus comprising: an emission monitoring system configured to provide a measure of an output sulfur dioxide characteristic; valves configured to: add ammonia to the absorption solution at a base rate that is proportional to: a) a target sulfur dioxide removal rate defined as a difference between: 1) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an inlet of the desulfurization system and an inlet SO₂ concentration; and 2) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an outlet of the desulfurization system and a predetermined SO₂ outlet concentration; and b) a correction coefficient that includes a ratio of cumulative ammonia added to cumulative sulfur dioxide removed; and, then, control ammonia addition to the absorption solution to a second rate based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic; and a distributed control system configured to: receive a boiler combustion airflow intake rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and calculate an amount of required ammonia based, at least partly, on the boiler combustion airflow intake rate; wherein the gas flow rate corresponding to the inlet is evaluated as the boiler combustion airflow intake rate.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the valves include a main ammonia dispensing valve and an auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve, the auxiliary valve configured to dispense ammonia at a rate that is the base rate minus a rate at which ammonia is dispensed through the main valve.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the auxiliary valve is further configured to change its rate of dispensing ammonia based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein: the measure of the sulfur dioxide characteristic is a rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission rate at the outlet of the desulfurization system; and the auxiliary valve is further configured to change its rate based on a predefined relationship between: the rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission at the outlet; and a fine adjustment value.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein: the valves being configured to add ammonia includes: the main valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with coarse control; and the valves being configured to control ammonia addition includes: the auxiliary valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with fine control.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the correction coefficient is defined as: one half of: a ratio of actual molar number of added ammonia to actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the valves are further configured to regulate the base rate to be: no less than 90% of a product of: ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and the correction coefficient; and no more than 110% of the product.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein: the target sulfur dioxide removal rate depends on a predetermined outlet sulfur dioxide concentration; and the ammonia stoichiometrically required is: $\frac{\begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}},} \\ {{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}} \end{pmatrix}} -} \\ {\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {predetermined} \\ {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}},{{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}}} \end{pmatrix}} \end{matrix}}{\left( {1\text{,}000\mspace{14mu}{mg}\text{/}g} \right)\left( {1000\mspace{14mu} g\text{/}{kg}} \right)\left( {64\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{SO}_{2}\text{/}34\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{NH}_{3}} \right)}.$
 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein: the gas amount corresponding to the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument; and the SO₂ concentration at the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the gas amount corresponding to the outlet of the desulfurization system is received from an outlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument.
 21. Apparatus for adding ammonia to an absorption solution in a flue-gas desulfurization system, the apparatus comprising: an emission monitoring system configured to provide a measure of an output sulfur dioxide characteristic; valves configured to: add ammonia to the absorption solution at a base rate that is proportional to: a) a target sulfur dioxide removal rate defined as a difference between: 1) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an inlet of the desulfurization system and an inlet SO₂ concentration; and 2) a product of:  a gas flow rate corresponding to an outlet of the desulfurization system and a predetermined SO₂ outlet concentration; and b) a correction coefficient that includes a ratio of cumulative ammonia added to cumulative sulfur dioxide removed; and, then, control ammonia addition to the absorption solution to a second rate based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic; and a distributed control system configured to: receive a boiler combustion airflow intake rate from a boiler that produces the flue gas; and calculate an amount of required ammonia based, at least partly, on the boiler combustion airflow intake rate, wherein the gas flow rate corresponding to the outlet is evaluated as the boiler combustion airflow intake rate.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the valves include a main ammonia dispensing valve and an auxiliary ammonia dispensing valve, the auxiliary valve configured to dispense ammonia at a rate that is the base rate minus a rate at which ammonia is dispensed through the main valve.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the auxiliary valve is further configured to change its rate of dispensing ammonia based on the measure of the output sulfur dioxide characteristic.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein: the measure of the sulfur dioxide characteristic is a rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission rate at the outlet of the desulfurization system; and the auxiliary valve is further configured to change its rate based on a predefined relationship between: the rate of change of sulfur dioxide emission at the outlet; and a fine adjustment value.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein: the valves being configured to add ammonia includes: the main valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with coarse control; and the valves being configured to control ammonia addition includes: the auxiliary valve being configured to: pass ammonia; and be controlled with fine control.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the correction coefficient is defined as: one half of: a ratio of actual molar number of added ammonia to actual molar number of removed sulfur dioxide.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the valves are further configured to regulate the base rate to be: no less than 90% of a product of: ammonia stoichiometrically required by the target sulfur dioxide removal rate and the correction coefficient; and no more than 110% of the product.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein; the target sulfur dioxide removal rate depends on a predetermined outlet sulfur dioxide concentration; and the ammonia stoichiometrically required is: $\frac{\begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{inlet}} \\ {{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}} \end{pmatrix}} -} \\ {\begin{pmatrix} {{gas}\mspace{14mu}{amount}\mspace{14mu}{corresponding}} \\ {{to}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{the}} \\ {desulfurization} \\ {{system},{{Nm}^{3}\text{/}h}} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} {predetermined} \\ {{SO}_{2}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}} \\ {{{at}\mspace{14mu}{the}\mspace{14mu}{outlet}},{{mg}\text{/}{Nm}^{3}}} \end{pmatrix}} \end{matrix}}{\left( {1\text{,}000\mspace{14mu}{mg}\text{/}g} \right)\left( {1000\mspace{14mu} g\text{/}{kg}} \right)\left( {64\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{SO}_{2}\text{/}34\mspace{14mu}{mg}\mspace{14mu}{NH}_{3}} \right)}.$
 29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein: the gas amount corresponding to the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument; and the SO₂ concentration at the inlet of the desulfurization system is received from an inlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument.
 30. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the gas amount corresponding to the outlet of the desulfurization system is received from an outlet continuous electronic monitoring instrument. 